Butterfly Effect [] [] [frog phenomenon catfish crocodile effect of law] [] [] [herding] [watch law rules hedgehog
[broken windows] twenty-eight law theory] [Theory] [] [bucket] [Cage logical Matthew] [] [diffusion of responsibility effect
Parkinson's Law]] [[halo effect Hawthorne effect [learned helplessness] witness's memory test] [] [] [Rosenthal effect of false sympathy deviation]
[]
Butterfly Effect The Butterfly Effect: the 1970s, an American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of air, said Amazon rainforest vibration of a butterfly's wings occasionally, perhaps Two weeks later it will cause a tornado in Texas, USA.
butterfly effect is that very small changes in initial conditions through continuous zoom, its future status will cause a very huge difference. Some small things can be confusing, and some small things such as amplified by the system, then an organization, a country is important, it can not be confused.
today's business, its fate also by the Consumers increasingly believe that feeling, so the brand consumption, shopping environment, the attitude of ... ... the value of these intangible factors will be their choice. So long as a little attention, we can easily see that some management practices, well-run companies in their corporate philosophy will appear in this sentence:
bits are not satisfied, so you can say only 1% of arrogance failure, but for the client, he got in return was 100% satisfied. times even more effort to remedy.
today, allowing businesses to change the fate of the , to sit and worry-free corporate monopoly gradually decline with an open competition so that enterprises have to consider all the potential factors that affect development.
streamlining, officials laid off, the abolition of welfare housing and other measures to enable more and more people away from the traditional security, followed by a destiny to decide on their own. The combination of organizational and personal liberty the result is: Who can capture the benefit of life,
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[phenomenon]
frog frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its adverse reactions are very sensitive environment, it will quickly jump out of the pot. If you put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately jump out of the pot, the water temperature gradually increased the ultimate outcome is to be boiled frog is dead, because the water temperature so high that the frog can not stand, it has been too late, or is unable to jump out the pot outside.
frog phenomenon tells us that a number of mutation events, they often cause people to be vigilant and prone to cause people to death but it is in the feel-good case, the gradual deterioration of the actual situation, there is no clear detection.
One revelation: the survival of our organization and the main threat to society, not from sudden events, but by slow and gradual process and can not detect the formation. Short-sighted people, only to see local, but not the big picture, for the sudden change, you can calmly face, quiet place for a big change, but can not detect, will eventually bring us even more serious harm! ~
Second revelation is: frog, as if the blues in our lives, we must look to the future, hard thinking of a new issue, eager to learn new knowledge, not the and
Implications of the three is: today's society is a knowledge explosion, the ever-changing, knowledge also need to constantly update, so we do not blindly obsessed with the status quo, complacent, lazy, to go on, it will definitely eliminated by the times, there will be faced with the risk of unemployment!
Insight 4: we do not simply, only the face of sudden danger, while ignoring that tiny little slow and dangerous, because that tiny little slow and dangerous, is the most fear!
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crocodile crocodile rule: the intention is assumed that a crocodile bite your feet if you hand to try to break your foot, crocodile will bite your feet and hand. The more you struggle, it was the more bite. In the event that crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to sacrifice one foot.
example, in the stock market, crocodiles rule is: when you find yourself trading a departure from the direction of the market, must stop immediately, without any delay, shall not have any luck.
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before catfish, sardines, low survival rate during transport. After it was found that if put a catfish in the sardines, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly enhanced. This is why it?
Had catfish in to a strange environment, will be small fish found in more than a This problem is solved oxygen sardines, the sardines will not die.
When an organization working to achieve a more stable state, often means lower employee motivation, The An organization, if there is always a
It is manifested in two aspects, one company to continue to add fresh blood, those vibrant, quick-witted young force into the workforce and even management, to those who rest on its laurels, conservative and bureaucratic laziness employees competitive pressure, in order to arouse The second is to continue to introduce new technologies, new processes, new equipment, new management concepts, so as to enable enterprises to fighting the tide waves in the market, to enhance survivability and adaptability.
catfish effect on the application, there are catfish in effect in the application of human resource management, in leadership activities in the application, specifically including the establishment of a competitive mechanism, capable of opening, change leadership style and so on. But I believe that catfish effect analysis and application of much more. Thinking of different perspectives, identify problems, solve the problem is different.
First, if representatives of catfish body leader.
leaders influence others to complete tasks that the individual or collective, in the dead box sardines, sardines on the symbol of a group of highly homogeneous group, similar to their skill level, lack of innovation and initiative , overstaffing, inefficiency, the whole body is a bloated state, and the arrival of the leader catfish (or internal sardines evolved catfish), new broom sweeps clean, discipline, standardized system, the transformation process , the rational allocation of jobs and people, financial, material, and gradually the business organization has been improvement, cut down costs, streamline the bloated body, and was incompetent to eat sardines, and driven away, have the capability of sardines to be a positive incentive, such a thriving scene showing the entire organization, a leader in the catfish under the leadership of the vitality of the entire organization are mobilized, so that the collective strength of more powerful, dominate the market, maintain market have a solid foundation .
From this perspective, catfish leader should have the following characteristics:
1 - act decisively, resolutely: rapid detection of disease where the stagnant organization, and be able to cut the Gordian knot, quickly and effectively solve the problem.
2 - their words, a strong style: scientific decision-making, and to oversee the implementation of the decision-making, timely assessment of the effectiveness of policies.
3 - promoting innovative, results-oriented: to promote innovation, create an atmosphere that encourages innovation, from business processes, job design, staff recruitment and configuration, design and assessment and other aspects of remuneration reflects the innovative thinking, reflecting the benefits of innovation.
4 - need for achievement, forward-looking vision: a short and long-term development plans and objectives, can foresee the direction of the organization and development of existing and future human resource gap, which can effectively identify future talent, cut out the drag is not suitable for organizational development people.
5 - system perspective, the courage to change: the ability to observe from within and outside the organization system changes in the structure and function, both regard ourselves as part of an organization (as opposed to fishermen, catfish, sardines leaders themselves, the fisherman was is the leader), and should see itself as a leader in small systems, can bring the staff to open the situation, to break the routine, and achieved good results.
for the leader under the leadership of the struggle for a common goal and employee groups, if there are catfish characteristics of a leader, then the way to survive is in motion, to stimulate their energy, at least synchronous speed and catfish and to ensure the same direction (business objectives), so as not to be eaten catfish catch up, or pushed by other sardines last suffocate.
Second, if the catfish on behalf of a team.
then it means that the new, strange, different, including different point of view, the behavior of the different habits of different, because different, will inspire wisdom, a team needs different personalities, different skills, different work experience people to join, if you are the all-staff, then the team produce imaginative, to produce high performance is slim. Focus on team building, communication and team effort today, as appropriate to attract catfish to join the team, will bring the whole team working atmosphere and lively, bringing innovation to bring win-win. However, the number of catfish should be controlled, full of catfish, the entire team will be there, the whole team foul, so some Japanese companies believe in the truth. From this perspective, the team should focus on healthy catfish molecular communication, influence the shape, the other employees in the catfish treatment team should also work on the basis of their cooperation.
Again, if catfish content of the work on behalf of people in high spirits.
Now in many companies, organizational structure and work process re-design is still to become a major issue, unreasonable, boring, no prospects, monotonous boring job content so that people feel crowded like sardines, as there is no barrel of passion, reluctant to post more, think more improvement, so that slowly formed a collective inertia. If the job enlargement, enrichment, catfish effect applied to the work design (Jobdesigning), and that the organization's financial contribution is obvious. How restless, passionate catfish into the backwater of the work as well? This is a difficult science, it was argued from the horizontal and vertical expansion of the scope of work, work to deepen the content, so that employees who experience a wealth of work activities, work experience achievements, so that they reflect the face of challenging, exciting work at The excitement and desire; someone advocated the use of rotation of the way up the caliber of employees so that they work in the catfish swim more joy; I maintain that the application of these measures, while also focusing on the character of man and job matching, catfish will things to do catfish, sardines sardines on to do things, have positions in both the work content of catfish also have sardines work content, the most important thing is to discover the preferences of employees, to see those work will allow them to generate power and passion catfish, and only after the match, catfish effect can really play its role, or set up a catfish although the content of work, but can not find this kind of work the staff was very moving, fighting, then this catfish has become a dead fish.
From this perspective, the work of catfish representing a wealth of job content, Zequan Li is exciting, challenging job expectations, job experience, and so the other fresh. For the leaders and human resource managers, whether at work setting catfish work, at what level to set catfish work, will be an organization's strategy.
sum up, from a different perspective, on behalf of the contents of the catfish is different, for a practitioner, leadership may be catfish, then your best efforts to maintain the same direction and organization, do not swim back, or else the risk of being eaten, always full of passion to the upstream, maybe one day you become a catfish to catch up fighting a group of sardines; your colleagues may be catfish, then, and he Competition Competition see who churn greater energy; you may also have lower levels of catfish, it is to motivate subordinates to grow at the same time, do not forget to give yourself enrich my knowledge, remain strong development, otherwise you risk being eaten by subordinate ; your work may also have catfish, it is reasonable to arrange their own work, prioritize, make work more catfish swim Huan, is best to stir up work on some level.
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herd: sheep where to go, where to go behind the sheep to follow.
herding was first equity investment in a term mainly refers to the existence of investors in the transaction process of learning and imitation phenomenon, the same stock.
herding theory (The Effect of Sheep Flock)
a stick placed horizontally in front of a flock of sheep, the first sheep jumped in the past, the second, third will follow the jump in the past; then , to withdraw Flanagan stick, followed by sheep, come here, still the same as the previous sheep, jump up, despite roadblocks stick has gone, this is the so-called . Refers to the management of some companies on the market behavior of a common phenomenon. It is due to insufficient information and lack of understanding of market investors is difficult to make a reasonable uncertainty about the future expectations, often by observing the behavior of people around the extraction of information, constantly in the transmission of this information, Many people will be roughly the same information and mutually reinforcing, resulting in herd behavior.
herd behavior in the field of behavioral finance is more typical of a phenomenon, the mainstream of financial theory can not explain. Economics often use Sheep is a very messy organization is usually blind with left and right hit, but once there is a sheep to move, others would without hesitation herd sheep, the wolf may be completely ignored or near the front better at the grass. Therefore, the
emergence of herding in general a very competitive industry, but also the industry leader on a (leader) accounted for the major attention, then the whole flock will continue to imitate the leader in one fell swoop a move, the leader go
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hedgehog hedgehogs rule: two sleepy hedgehog, as cold and owned together. Because their body can have long thorns, so they left some distance, but can not stand the cold, so get together. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs finally found a suitable distance: both get each other's warm and will not be binding.
hedgehog law mainly refers to interpersonal relationships in the
French President Charles de Gaulle is a person who will use the hedgehog rules. He had a motto: This is also profoundly affected him and consultants, think tanks and their relations staff. In his ten years of the presidential years, his Secretariat, General Office and the General Staff and other private consultants and think tanks, no one's working life can be more than two years. He was the newly appointed chief of staff always say: requirements. This provision is based on two reasons: First, in his view, the transfer is normal, and fixed is not normal. This is a practice by the forces of impact, because the army is mobile, not fixed in one place is always the army. Second, he did not want This indicates that de Gaulle is a major decision on their own thinking and the survival of the leader, he does not allow the people around there are always inseparable. Only the mobilization, in order to maintain a certain distance, and only maintain a certain distance in order to ensure the consultants and staff with fresh thinking and decision and vibrant, it can prevent the elderly falling consultants and staff who use the name of the President and the Government malpractice.
de Gaulle's approach is thought-provoking and admiration. No sense of distance, leading decision-making over-reliance on the secretary or a few people, and to make resource persons from interference in domestic affairs, and thus make the name of these people under the guise of leadership, seeking selfish interests, and finally pulled into the water leading cadres, the consequences are very dangerous. Comparing the two, or better to maintain a certain distance.
former president of General Electric Company, Stone work very personally hedgehog theory of attention, especially in middle and senior managers on the deal even more. Treatment in the workplace and on the issue, Stone never mean for managers of care, but in their spare time, he never asked managers to guest home, never to accept their invitation. It is this administration to maintain an appropriate distance, making the business to General Zhimakaihua steadily high. And staff to maintain a certain distance, not make you high above, you will not be confused with the identity of employees. This is one of the best managed state. Maintained by a certain distance to maintain the principle, this principle of equal treatment for all: both leaders themselves bound can also be bound by employees. To grasp this principle, also mastered the secret of successful management.
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watch Law Law: Law is a watch with a table, you can know it is a few minutes, and when he has two not being able to determine. Two tables and can not tell a more accurate time, so they will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch law in the corporate management to give us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or an organization can not use two different methods, can not set two different goals, or even each individual can not two people to simultaneously command, or will the business or personal loss.
story
monkeys and table a group of monkeys live in the forest, when the sun rises every day they go out foraging Cheap Herve Leger, when the sun goes down back rest, My life was plain and well-being.
a visitor through the forest to watch a tree fall on the rocks, was a monkey Smart Meng can be
do the Monkey King's Hard work pays off,
but When a subordinate to ask the time, After some time, the monkeys were revolted, the But soon, the new Monkey King is also facing
This is the famous More people watch and can not tell time more accurately, but will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch Law gives us a very intuitive inspiration:
for any one thing, can not set two different goals, or they will make a loss; for a person can not choose between two different values Otherwise, his behavior would be in chaos.
a person can not be more than two people to direct, or will the people know what to do; for a business, it is not at the same time using two different methods of management, or will the business can not develop.
In this respect America Online and Time Warner merger is a typical case of failure. AOL is a young Internet company, corporate culture emphasizes flexible operation, rapid decision-making, quick to seize the market require that all the objectives for the service. Time Warner in the development process to build long-term emphasis on the integrity of the road and innovative corporate culture.
two companies after the merger, corporate senior management and is not a good solution to the standard two values conflict with the staff, completely confuse the company's future development direction. Finally, Time Warner and AOL century marriage ended in failure. It also indicates that, to find out the time, an accurate time table would be sufficient.
only choice you think is right
two tables and can not tell a more accurate time, but will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time. You have to do is to choose the more reliable one, try to calibrate it and use it as your standard, follow its guidelines.
Nietzsche's famous saying: your choice However, the problems of many people is that they are
there are people on the environment or others under pressure, against one's will choose the path I did not like, and thus depressed life. Even if the subject made great achievements, but also never felt the joy of success.
In real life, we often encounter a similar situation. Such as two elective courses are you interested in, but teaching time overlap, and you do not have enough energy to learn two courses, this time it's hard to choose. In the face of two equally good, equally bent on your boys, you will certainly upset a long time, I do not know how to do a decision.
career, location, treatment no clear winner of the two units, you will go from here? Every crossroads in life, we must face the
choice in the face of conflict, we recommend using The so-called
Psychological research shows that Maybe you can not tell a clear reason, but by psychological subconscious, under normal circumstances can make the best decision to meet the psychological needs of individuals. Here that the subconscious, in fact, we often say the first impression.
core philosophy: more choices, more standards will make people confused.
Application tips: clear goals, without interference; know how to choose the place is up.
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broken windows theory, broken windows theory: a house if the windows broke, and no one to repair, separated soon, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if there is Some graffiti has not been cleansed, and soon, the walls covered with a mess, unsightly thing; a very clean place, people embarrassed to taking out the trash, but once on the ground with rubbish appears, people will not hesitate to to throw, did not feel ashamed.
broken windows theory 1
also known as the Bastiat as the target of criticism at home and summed up, reflected in its well-known article The Hazlitt said, if a child broke the window, people will inevitably lead to replacement of broken window glass, which would make the installation of glass and glass production were started to promote social employment.
here, scholars to illustrate children's behavior and the government's actions can have consequences, which completely negate the Keynesian policy of government intervention. The place of this fallacy in flood, put the in the earthquake, let's at war, it seems very appropriate.
broken windows theory 2
broken window effect is also called a window is broken, if not repaired, will lead to more broken windows tory burch flats, or even the whole building was demolished. By the American political scientist Carin Wilson and criminologist observation summary of the
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [twenty-eight law]
twenty-eight law (Pareto's law): the late 19th early 20th century Italian economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important and only a small part, about 20%, although the majority of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. About 80% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20%, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social, economic and life everywhere, this is the Pareto rule.
Pareto rule tells us, do not mean to analyze, process and look at the issues, business and management to seize the crucial few; to find out who can provide 80% of the profits, but only 20% of the total key customers, to enhance services to achieve a multiplier effect; business leaders to work seriously on the classification analysis, it is necessary to solve the main effort on key issues, focus on major projects.
20% ------------------ 80% of people who successfully unsuccessful
20% of people with more money ------- neck -80% of the neck to make money
20% of people positive thinking -------------- 80% of negative thinking
20% of people buy time ---- ------------ 80% of people selling time
20% of people looking for a good employee ---------- 80% of people looking for a good job
20% of people dominate others -------------- 80% of people dominated by people who do
20% of the cause of ------------- --- 80% of people do things
20% of people value experience -------------- 80% of people attach importance to education
20% of people believe that actions have results ------ 80% of people think that knowledge is power
20% of people how do I make money ------ only 80% of people how I want money I do
20 ----------------% of people love investing 80% of people love shopping
20% of people have goals -------------- - 80% of people love Xia Xiang
20% of people find answers in the question -------- 80% of people find the answer in question
20% of people in long-term perspective - ---------- 80% of the immediate
20% of people the opportunity -------------- 80% of people missed the opportunity
20% people plan for the future -------------- 80% of people think today morning before doing
20% of the people by the successful experience of acting -------- 80% people according to their own wishes
20% of the people to do simple things ---------- 80% of people do not want to do simple things
20% of people do today, tomorrow things ------ 80% of people do today, tomorrow things
20% of people how to do ------------ 80% of impossible
20 % of people taking notes ---------------- 80% Forgetfulness good
20% of people affected by the success of 80% of people affected -------- people affected by the failure
20% of people who in good -------------- 80% of the bad attitude
20% of people believe they will succeed - ------------- 80% of people do not want to change the environment
20% of people will never praise, encourage -------------- 80% never abusive, criticizing
20% of people will insist -------------- 80% of people will give up
-------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------< br> [theory]
barrel barrel Theory: If the length of the composition of wood casks missing, then filled the bucket of water is not dependent on the longest piece of wood, but on the shortest piece of wood.
bucket effect is like a bucket full of water, must be the same each board flush with no damage, if only in a bucket of wood or a piece of wood missing following a break hole, this can not be filled with water buckets. Is that a bucket can be How much water does not depend on the longest piece of wood, but on the shortest piece of wood. Also known as short-board effect. A bucket, no matter how high, it depends on which a water height of the lowest piece of wood.
principle, also known as a bucket or short plate theory, a bucket short board management theory, the so-called depends on the highest piece of wood Tongbi, but rather depends on the shortest piece Tongbi. According to this core content, Second, as long as the bucket, there are a sufficient height, a bucket of water can not be full.
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [Matthew]
Matthew: all of his, be taken away. Its name comes from the Bible,
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [logic]
hanging bird cage bird cage in a beautiful room, the most conspicuous place, a few days, the owner will make one of the following two options: throw the cage out, or buy a bird cage on the back. This is the logic cage. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, it will not help but ask you: kept a Bird. Cage logical reason is simple: most of the time is to take the inertia of thinking. So seen in the life and work to develop logical thinking is very important.
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [diffusion of responsibility effect
1964 年 3 月] 13 日夜 3 when 20 points, in the United States outside an apartment in New York before a man named Juno young women than white bar at the end of the Interagency Working the way home assassination. When she cried in despair: When everything is calm, the killer returned to crime. When she yelled, the nearby residents and opened the light, the attackers then fled. When she has nothing to do, go back to their home upstairs, the killer once again in front of her, killing her on the stairs. In the process, even though she cried for help, her neighbors, at least 38 to the window to watch, but no one to rescue her, no one even called the police. This caused a stir in New York society, but also attracted the attention of social psychologists and thinking. It is considered a large number of bystanders neglecting the phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility effect.
for the formation of diffusion of responsibility effect causes a lot of experimental psychologists and survey results found that: this phenomenon can not just say everyone's callous, or moral turpitude increasing performance. Because on different occasions, acts of assistance that people really are different. When a person in an emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he would clearly aware of their responsibilities, assistance to the victims. If he refused to produce feelings of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires to pay a high psychological cost. And if the presence of so many people, the responsibility for seeking help from the people to share, resulting in fragmentation of responsibility, the responsibility of each person to share very few spectators even with his own sense of responsibility that a less than, resulting in an How to break this situation, this is a psychologist working on an important subject.
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [Parkinson's Law]
well-known British historian North Goode Parkinson through long-term research, write a book called In his book, agency personnel explained the reasons for and consequences of the expansion: an incompetent officials, may be three ways, first is the application for resignation, the seat give competent people; second is to allow a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first way is absolutely Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way most appropriate. As a result, two mediocre assistant sharing his work, he is high above orders, they will not pose a threat to their rights. Since the inability of two assistants, they are calling the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. So on, to form a bloated, overstaffed, mutual wrangling, inefficient leadership system.
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [Halo effect]
famous Russian writer Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He was fanatically in love with is called Natan Li looks amazing, but puhi Kim Ji different sub-channel. When Pushkin's poem written for each to read to her time. She always said, clutching his ears: duel to death, so that a literary star fall prematurely. In Pushkin, a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.
so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of a particular aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In daily life, For instance, some elderly individual shortcomings of young people, or dress, habits and dislike, they think they must unpromising; some young people a thing about the admiration of friends, will see him everywhere cute, so-called The halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological speculation, the error is: First, it is easy to grasp individual characteristics and habits of individual push and general, as Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the face; second It is not intrinsically linked to some personal or physical characteristics associated with, the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics; Third, it is good on all that sure that bad on all the negative, which is a dominated by the subjective bias of absolute orientation. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of the halo effect.
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Hawthorne effect a psychological experimenter effect. 1920s and 1930s, U.S. researchers at the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory working conditions, social factors and relations of production efficiency experimenter effect found in experiment, called Hawthorne effect.
first phase of the experiment from November 1924 began working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and control group. Results regardless of increase or control illumination in the experimental group yields are rising, and constant illumination of the control group yields also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, these conditions can not see a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the U.S. led by Harvard Professor Mayo, focusing on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit has undergone tremendous changes. Participate in the trial of the workers were placed in special laboratory study, led by their social conditions have changed, been a matter of concern, thus forming a sense of participating in the trial, that he is an important part of the company, so that workers From a social point of view aspects are motivated to promote increased production.
This effect tells us that when students or their public attention or attention, learning and communication efficiency will be greatly increased. Therefore, in our daily lives to learn to get along with others, to understand what kind of behavior is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, and we can only live and learn and continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, full of confidence!
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [test] of learned helplessness learned helplessness effect
earliest Ophir Mill and Cyril Krugman found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. Simply put, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the shock experimenter added to it. However, if the dogs are not expected (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by electric shock (such as the interruption of electric shock or not does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog was a chance to escape electric shock Herve Leger Sale, they also become was unable to escape. Moreover, the dogs also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on.
dog show reason why this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. In other words, they recognize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the shock is terminated under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will recognize their inability to change the external control, and thus learned a sense of helplessness.
person who had learned helplessness, has become a deep despair and sorrow. Therefore, we should study and life in their eyes open a little and see the real events behind the determining factor, not to make our own despair.
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [witness's memory]
witnesses, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that is his own witness and hear things truthfully speaking by the people. However, psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference, with personal views and awareness.
witness testimony of their confidence and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is surprising. Mrs fees can be special and psychologist Howard Springs decided to make this conclusion more in-depth study. In order to investigate whether the testimony of the witness something special, they will witness's memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
they make are shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. Next day, to answer some of the video in the content of, and asked them to tell their own level of confidence to answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, using the same method, the content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and selected general knowledge questions.
and occurred before, as fees can be special and Mrs Howard Springs also found that the accuracy of the witness on the memories of those confident of their answers were in fact no better than those who do not have confidence greater, but For general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the lack of confidence.
people in the general knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses with self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to modify their test results for the confidence scale. General knowledge is a database is shared between individuals, it has recognized the correct answer, subjects can measure themselves. For example, people will know the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know than others, the participants in the memory of events in hair color better or worse.
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br> [effect]
Rosenthal Rosenthal, American psychologist, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. Them to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of children making a fuss of, In fact, this list is not determined according to test results, but randomly selected. It is based on Eight months later, intelligence tests and found again on the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, it is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the Pygmalion (Pygmalion in Greek mythology the king of Cyprus, he produced the statue of a girl love for his ultimate desire to make this statue into a real person, the two fall in love with).
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often a positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and towards their behavior, the students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a positive passion, these students often expect teachers to achieve progress. In contrast, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the teacher's discourse over time, manner, facial expressions feel the teacher's requirements; these students often worse day by day, and finally become the bad elements of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----< br>] [false sympathy deviation
we usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You will usually overestimate the students to vote for their favorite number, overestimate their own group's prestige and leadership, and so on. This overestimation of your behaviors and attitudes have the same preference number of features is called the Some factors that may affect your share of this false bias strength:
(1) When an external attribution is stronger than internal attribution;
(2) current behavior or events when a person is very important; < br> (3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that when;
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning are threatened;
(5) When it comes to a positive quality or individuality;
(6) When you and other people as when they are similar.
